It is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It generally causes a mild, widespread pneumonia that affects all age groups. Other pneumonias. There are other less common pneumonias that may be caused by other infections including fungi. Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia, which may be followed by:. Mycoplasma pneumonia has somewhat different symptoms, which include a severe cough that may produce mucus. Diagnosis is usually made based on your recent health history such as surgery, a cold, or travel exposures and the extent of the illness.
Based on these factors, your healthcare provider may diagnose pneumonia simply on a thorough history and physical exam. The following tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis:. Chest X-ray. This test takes pictures of internal tissues, bones, and organs, including the lungs. Blood tests. This test may be used to see whether infection is present and if infection has spread to the bloodstream blood cultures. Arterial blood gas testing checks the amount of oxygen in your bloodstream.
Sputum culture. This test is done on the material that is coughed up from the lungs and into the mouth. Pulse oximetry. An oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood.
A small sensor is taped or clipped onto a finger. When the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. The test is painless and the red light does not get hot. Chest CT scan. This imaging procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce sharp, detailed horizontal, or axial, images often called slices of the body.
A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than regular X-rays. This is direct exam of the bronchi the main airways of the lungs using a flexible tube called a bronchoscope.
Pleural fluid culture. In this test, a sample of a fluid sample is taken from the pleural space. This is the space between the lungs and chest wall. A long, thin needle is put through the skin between the ribs and into the pleural space.
Fluid is pulled into a syringe attached to the needle. The Winter Fever, as pneumonia was once known, has been traced back through history. Symptoms of pneumonia were first described by the Greek physician Hippocrates around BC. In , German pathologist Edwin Klebs observed pneumonia bacteria under a microscope for the first time, and this was a huge step forward in the fight against the pulmonary disease.
Infection rates were still relatively high during this period, but mortality from pneumonia dropped around the world. The development of the antibiotic penicillin played a key role in this decline. Although pneumonia mortality rates have declined due to antibiotics, the infection is still a serious global problem.
Pneumonia infection is mainly viral or bacterial. In the majority of cases, it is caused by a bacteria known as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other variants of the disease may cause mild forms of pneumonia also known as walking pneumonia. The pulmonary infection can be especially dangerous for those with compromised or weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, sick or immunosuppressed.
It is contracted by breathing infected air particles released by an infected person nearby. Antibiotics are often the best treatment for pneumonia, and they have a high cure rate for bacterial strains. Reimann reported seven patients with an unusual form of tracheo bronchopneumonia and severe constitutional symptoms. After that, Eaton et al. Eaton et al. During the s, there were three groups engaged in discovering the etiology of the primary atypical pneumonia. During s, the members of the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases concluded that the bacteria-free filtrates obtained from the patients, presumably containing a virus, could induce primary atypical pneumonia in human volunteers via Pinehurst trials.
During s, serological approaches for identification of the Eaton agent developed such as Fluorescent-Stainable Antibody, and at the beginning of thes, the Eaton agent successfully grew in media, and finally accepted as a cause of primary atypical pneumonia. Thus, technical difficulties with visualizing the agent and failure to recognize the full significance of the Pinehurst transmission experiments resulted in a lapse of 20 years before acceptance of the Eaton agent as Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
This review describes the history of M. Atypical bacterial pneumonia is caused by atypical organisms that are not detectable on Gram stain and cannot be cultured using standard methods, and characterized by a symptom includes headache, low-grade fever, cough, and malaise. The most common organisms are Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , and Legionella pneumophila.
The history of C. Among them, M. Isolation of the first mycoplasma was the bovine pleuropneumonia agent, now known as M. This bacterium became to know over the next 50 years as pleuropneumonia-like organisms PPLO in various animals. Regarding with M.
However, its taxonomy remained obscure until the early s when it was clearly identified as a bacterium. The cell volume of M. In this regards, identification of the M. This review focus on the history of discovering and acceptance the Eaton agent as the cause of primary atypical pneumonia. Reimann , reported several patients with similar clinical features such as mild symptoms of hoarseness, sore throat, pyrexia with relative bradycardia, and persistent dry cough. The fever lasted from 10 to 43 days in the cases of severe involvement but most typically only lasted about 3 weeks.
He believed that those symptoms were strikingly similar to those of patients in a report by Scadding from London, characterized as gradual onset, malaise, shivering, dyspnea, dry cough, marked sweating, slight leukocytosis, and roentgenographic shadows of diffuse pneumonia.
Reimann also indicated that colleagues in other East Coast cities had recognized this syndrome, but it was usually diagnosed as influenza. Indeed, Meiklejohn et al. Around the same time, Dingle described that primary atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology was a more common disease than previously thought Finland and Dingle, Most of the inoculation materials were retrieved from sputum or lung samples from patients with atypical pneumonia and were intranasally inoculated to the cotton rats.
Among the total of cotton rats receiving material, 35 developed pneumonia and lung lesions described as patchy and reddish-gray with maximum intensity of illness at 6—8 days after inoculation. Photograph of Dr. Eaton Eaton, Monroe D. The photograph of Dr.
Eaton in the manuscript Rev Infect Dis , 12, — , which taken in the early s and reprinted permission was obtained. In addition, the agent propagated in chick embryos was specifically neutralized by serum from patients who had recovered from primary atypical pneumonia but was not neutralized by acute phase specimens Eaton et al. Eaton studied antibiotic therapy in his virus-infected cotton rats and described that the agents causing primary atypical pneumonia were sensitive to aureomycin but were somewhat smaller than viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group, which were also inhibited by this drug.
Unfortunately, however, the virus inoculated into human volunteers was not studied for its ability to grow in chicken embryos, and no inoculations of human volunteers were performed with either the virus propagated in chick embryos or chick embryo lung suspensions infected with the Eaton agent.
Thus, the organism was identified in Eaton et al. In October , the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases group performed a first transmission study of primary atypical pneumonia to human volunteers Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, so-called Pinehurst area and demonstrated that unfiltered throat washings and sputa obtained from patients early in the course of the disease caused a respiratory illness in 10 of 12 volunteers. Next, second and third transmission experiments were conducted during the summer of Commission on Respiratory Diseases, a , b , c.
The inoculum consisted of throat washings and sputum from patients admitted to Fort Bragg Regional Hospital with atypical pneumonia. Inoculation material was arranged into three patterns untreated, filtered through Corning sintered glass or Seitz filters, or autoclaved at 15 pounds pressure for 10 min , which was introduced into the nose and throat of each volunteer in synchronization with deep inspiration by means of an atomizer and nebulized three times in a single day.
The latter group was considered to be due to either contamination of the inner surface of the air pump or cross infection after inoculation. No cases of pneumonia developed in healthy volunteers who received autoclaved inoculum using rigid precautions during inoculation. The members of the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases concluded that the bacteria-free filtrates, presumably containing a virus, could induce primary atypical pneumonia in human volunteers.
Thus, the failure of collaboration in between the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases members Dingle, et al. Peterson et al. Moreover, correlation of maximum cold hemagglutinin titers with 1 extent of pulmonary involvement, 2 height and duration of fever Meiklejohn, , and 3 other indices of severity of illness showed no constant trends. Furthermore, Cook et al.
Serum streptococcus MG agglutinins will rise in some cases of primary atypical pneumonia. However, the Pinehurst trial Commission on Respiratory Diseases, c showed that a rise in the titer of agglutinins for streptococcus MG was not associated with primary atypical pneumonia. However, this test has little diagnostic role in most instances Horsfall et al. Liu described a technique which provided greater facility in making a serologic diagnosis of Eaton agent-related infections.
Unlike cold hemagglutinins, fluorescent-stainable antibody elevations develop in the 3rd—4th week of illness, persist for 12—18 months, and appear to be quite sensitive and specific Liu et al. In , among patients with primary atypical pneumonia, Cook et al. Lind et al. For many years, the agent was considered to be a virus. However, Marmion and Goodburn successfully visualized the small coccobacillary bodies on the mucous layer covering the bronchial epithelium of the Eaton agent-infected chick embryo, which suggested that the Eaton agent was not a virus.
Chanock et al. In this regard, Clyde et al. They appeared quite similar to those of the PPLO family.
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